Lubang Api di Uzbekistan

Gambar ini diambil di negara Asia Tengah, Uzbekistan
Menakutkan tapi kemungkinan adalah lahar gunung berapi atau mulut gunung berapi coba anda bayangkan kalau kita masuk ke dalamnya


Tempat ini ada di Uzbekistan yg dikenal oleh penduduk setempat sebagai
Pintu ke Neraka.


Kisah ini berawal kira-kira 35 tahun yg lalu ketika ahli geologis menggali
tempat ini untuk mencari gas alam Secara tiba-tiba ketika dilakukan penggalian, mereka menemukan satu jurang besar di bawah tanah. karena terlalu besar semua peralatan penggalian masuk ke dalam jurang tersebut.

Tak seorang pun yg berani turun ke dalam jurang tersebut disebabkan jurang
tersebut dipenuhi gas asli bumi.

Untuk menghilangkan penyebaran gas beracun yang keluar dan mencemarkan
bumi, mereka telah menyalakan api di dalam jurang tersebut dan semenjak
itu hingga kini, telah 35 tahun lubang ini terbakar tanpa henti walau
sesaat.

Google Me Situs Social Network baru Untuk Menantang Facebook

Google Me merupakan suatu proyek dari Google untuk membuat suatu situs social network baru yang direncanakan mampu menyaingi bahkan mengalahkan Facebook. Memang saat ini Facebook bisa menjadi ancaman baru yang kuat karena jumlah visitor dan lamanya pengunjung dalam menggunakan Facebook yang lama-lama menjadikan Google kuatir. Sebelumnya Google sudah menambahkan fitur social network yang terintegrasi dengan Gmail yaitu Google Buzz tapi dirasakan kurang berhasil dan Orkut situs social network yang dibeli Google tidak bisa meluaskan jaringannya ke seluruh dunia dan hanya laku di negara tertentu saja. Selain itu ada juga proyek Google Wave yang juga belum berhasil mengalahkan Facebook.

Ada dua sumber yang menjadi pemicu berita Google Me ini yaitu dari Kevin Rose si pemilik Digg.com yang mentweet bahwa dia mendapatkan info dari sumber terpercaya bahwa Google sedang membangun proyek Google Me dan juga yang terbaru dari Adam D’Angelo mantan CTO ( pemimpin bagian teknologi) Facebook dan sekarang menjadi pendiri Quora yaitu layanan question and answer yang terintegrasi dengan Facebook.

Adam D’Angelo menjawab pertanyaan “Apakah ‘Google Me’ suatu rumor?” dan ternyata dia juga menjawab bahwa hal itu bukan rumor dan merupakan proyek yang real bahkan menjadi proyek yang memiliki prioritas tinggi dan melibatkan banyak orang Google.

Saat ini Google Me belum diluncurkan ke publik dan masih menjadi proyek internal Google. Jadi kapan Google Me diluncurkan belum diketahui, dan apakah benar Google Me akan menjadi Facebook killer? Kita tunggu saja kiprahnya..

sumber :
berita tekhnologi.com

Microsoft Klaim Windows Phone 7 Ciptakan Revolusi

Sistem operasi Windows Phone 7 sudah mencapai tahap RTM (Release to Manufacturing) atau sudah dirilis ke pabrikan yang menjadi partner Microsoft. Sebagai pemanasan, Microsoft pun membesut iklan pendek pertama yang mengklaim Windows Phone 7 adalah revolusi di dunia ponsel.

Dalam iklan berdurasi sekitar satu menit tersebut, tampak padang gurun kering kerontang yang disinari panas matahari. Kemudian perlahan-lahan, muncul ponsel berlogo Windows Phone 7. Di layarnya lalu muncul slogan 'Revolution is Coming'.

Memang iklan itu belum memberi gambaran jelas mengenai Windows Phone 7 dan revolusi seperti apa yang dimaksudkannya. Namun inilah iklan permulaan Microsoft dalam kampanye promosi Windows Phone 7 yang konon diberi budget sampai USD 500 juta atau sekitar Rp 4,5 triliun.

Iklan 'Revolution is Coming' ditayangkan dalam sebuah festival film klasik yang berlangsung di London. Adegan yang ada di dalamnya merupakan tiruan dari sebuah adegan film yang ditayangkan di sana.

Kampanye iklan besar-besaran dirasa perlu mengingat persaingan yang sangat ketat di sektor sistem operasi ponsel. Windows Phone 7 harus berjuang di tengah kepungan handset Android, iPhone maupun BlackBerry.
Di sisi lain, para pesaing itu juga getol beriklan untuk meraih minat konsumen. Dikutip detikINET dari Electronista, Selasa (7/9/2010), Apple telah menyewa sutradara kenamaan Sam Mendes untuk memproduksi iklan iPhone 4. Sedangkan para operator seperti Verizon di Amerika Serikat tak kalah gencar mempromosikan Android. ( fyk / rns )

detik i - net

Matahari Kembar 4 di China

Beberapa fenomena keanehan alam akhir-akhir ini sering diberitakan di berbagai media, baik dunia maya atapun di televisi. Hujan darah di india, hujan ikan di australia, hujan katak di jepang atau berbagai keanehan lainnya. seperti yang baru-baru ini saya dapatkan dari googling, tentang adanya matahari kembar 4 di China.Video ini sempat terekam oleh warga setempat lewat rekaman video amatirnya. Entah itu hanya bayangan semu atau apa.. yang jelas saya sendiri juga kurang tau tentang kebenaran video itu,. sebab bukan ahli bidang tekhnologi apalagi astronomi... Langsung saja yang mau lihat.. dari pada penasaran....

Bisnis di Domainit.com - Bonus Pertama $50

Anda mungkin pernah dengar tentang Domainit.Com yaitu sebuah website yang salah satu produknya adalah menjual Domain.
Di Domainit.Com inilah yang akan memberi kita $50.00 meskipun kita baru mendaftar ~enak khan. ;D

Langkah - langkah untuk menjadi affiliated di Domainit.Com:
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4. Masukan data diri anda dengan lengkap dan benar
5. Pada kolom Affiliate id tidak usah diisi karena nanti akan di beri oleh Domainit.Com
6. Jangan lupa beri tanda centang pada teks ^I agree with the terms of service^
7. Terakhir Klik tombol ^SUBMIT^

Cek email konfirmasi dari Domainit.Com anda. Login dengan Username dan Password yang di berikan oleh Domainit.Com.

Selamat anda sudah mendapatkan $50.00 gratis dari Domainit.Com.
Buka menu My Profil untuk memilih metode pembayaran. Ada dua metode yang bisa anda pilih, Metode Paypal atau Metode Check.

Promosikan link affiliasi anda di web / blog dengan cara memasang banner atau text link yang sudah di siapkan di member area.

Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal di affiliasi ini anda bisa meningkatkan trafik pengunjung web/blog anda. Semakin banyak pengunjung blog anda maka peluang suksesnya akan semakin besar.
Oke ,… selamat mencoba.

JOJO DAN SINTA KEONG RACUN

JOJO DAN SHINTA KEONG RACUN




Popularitas dan ketenaran adalah misteri, tidak ada yang tau kapan ia akan datang maupun pergi. Begitu juga yang terjadi pada kedua dara muda asal kota Bandung ini, Jovita dan shinta. Keduanya tidak pernah menyangka kalau keisengannya mengupload gaya lipsing di dunia maya itu bakal berbuah pada ketenaran. Dengan gayanya yang sangat menggemaskan mereka bergaya didepan kamera yang direkam sendiri sambil menyanyikan lagu “Keong Racun “. Lagu ini sebenarnya sudah diciptakan sejak dua tahun lalu dan dinyanyikan oleh seorang penyanyi bernama Lisa. Liriknya yang begitu nakal dan cukup menyindir kaum lelaki membuat para penikmat musik begitu tertarik menikmatinya.
Dari aksinya itu, Kini jojo dan shinta yang semula hanya sebagai mahasiswi sebuah perguruan tinggi swasta di Bandung akhirnya mendadak menjadi sepasang selebritis. Berbagai tawaran job pun mulai mereka terima. Mulai dari nyanyi, wawancara televisi, mengikuti acara kuis, bahkan mereka pun sempat menjadi cover dari sebuah majalah remaja terkenal. Hal ini tentu saja membuat mereka kebanjiran job. Waktu yang semula banyak dimanfaatkan untuk istirahat sekarang harus mereka gunakan untuk mengisi tawaran dari berbagai acara. Karena merasa kewalahan dalam memanagenya akhirnya mereka pun memutuskan untuk bergabung dengan management Charly ST 12.
Keduanya di sambut baik di tangan management charly, bahkan rencananya mereka akan disiapkan untuk menjadi sepasang penyanyi.. kita tunggu saja kiprah mereka berdua.
Kasus selebritis dadakan yang bermula dari dunia maya ini sebenarnya bukanlah yang pertama kali. Di Negara Filiphina juga pernah terjadi dimana sepasang anak muda bergaya lipsing di situs Youtube akhirnya mendadak menjadi selebritis terkenal. Dan kini merekapun benar-benar menjadi penyanyi terkenal di negaranya.
Lain lagi di Malaysia, seorang anak muda yang mempraktekkan gayanya bermain gitar di depan kamera kemudian di uploadnya lewat Youtube berbuah pada ketenaran. Pada awalnya aksinya tersebut sempat disaksikan oleh sebuah grup band terkenal di luar negeri. Karena tertarik oleh gaya bermain gitarnya, akhirnya grup band tersebut memutuskan untuk merekrutnya menjadi personil bandnya. Sungguh di luar dugaan.
Dan yang masih hangat-hangatnya, masih dari situs Youtube yaitu anak muda bernama Justien Beiber. Ketenarannya tak hanya di Negara asalnya, namun sampai go internasional. Di tanah air pun, si Justien Bieber menjadi idola di kalangan anak muda sekarang ini.
Semoga saja karya-karya para selebritis dadakan tersebut bisa meramaikan industri hiburan di dunia internasional, lebih khususnya di Negara kita sendiri.
Bagi yang mau nyusul menjadi artis beken.. di gandrungi banyak gadis-gadis.. bermandikan uang.. dikejar-kejar job… masuk tivi….
yaa.. silahkan saja ikuti jejak mereka…
selamat mencoba…!!
Ohh..yaaa.. yang mau lihat video nya jojo dan shinta ..donlot disini ya..

DOWNLOAD VIDEO KEONG RACUN

MESIN PENCARIAN BARU GOOGLE

Google sebagai rajanya mesin pencarian selalu memiliki riset baru untuk mengembangkan perusahaanya. Di kutip dari beberapa sumber, bahwa untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pencariannya kini Google mempunyai sebuah mesin terbarunya yang di beri nama Caffeine. Menurut pihak Google sistem ini di tengarai mampu memberikan hasil pencairan yang lebih baik ketimbang pencarian sebelumnya. Bahkan di yakini bisa memberikan hasil pencarian yang lebih baru sampai dengan 50 %. Tentu saja hal ini sangat menguntungkan bagi semua orang yang ingin memanfaatkan mesin pencari Google sebagai unggulannya.
Selain itu Google juga mempunyai inovasi baru khusus untuk menghadapi piala dunia 2010. Mereka menamakannya dengan Goooooal, yaitu sebuah mesin pencarian yang di khususkan untuk kata kunci yang berhubungan dengan piala dunia 2010. Namun untuk kata kunci berbahasa indonesia seperti "piala dunia" tampaknya belum bisa. Goooooal hanya akan bekerja dengan kata kunci World cup 2010. Meski demikian hal ini sangat disambut baik oleh pecinta bola di seluruh dunia. Termasuk di tanah air juga.

dari berbagai sumber ;
okenews.com
vivanews.com

WASPADAI HACKER MALAYSIA DAN CHINA

Senin malam yang lalu ( 7 juni 2010 ) beberapa situs warta digital memberitakan adanya serangan hacker ke salah satu situs milik pemerintah kita lebih tepatnya ke situs milik lampungtengah.go.id. Setelah di selidiki ternyata 'makhluk yang bergentayangan' tersebut berasal dari china dan malaysia. Mereka menamakan dirinya China Malaysia hacker union.
Menurut keterangan beberapa sumber, kedatangan mereka ke situs pemerintah kita adalah untuk melakukan aksi balas dendam atas ulah hacker tanah air yang pernah juga mengobok - obok situs negara tetangga tersebut. Hal ini tentu saja sangat di sayangkan oleh beberapa pihak. Namun demikian dengan kejadian ini kita tentunya menjadi lebih berhati-hati untuk tidak melakukan tindakan- tindakan iseng atau hal hal yang tidak bermanfaat yang akan berakibat merugikan kita sendiri.


Dikutip dari detik.com
Dan beberapa sumber.

verifikasi alertpay dengan mudah

bagi yang udah punya akun di alertpay, tapi blum terverifikasi sekarang gak perlu bingung lagi. karena dari pihak sananya memberlakukan aturan baru untuk akun yang unverified, tujuannya tentu saja untuk mempermudah pemilik akun memverifikasi akun miliknya.
berikut caranya :
1. buka akun kita di alertpay.
2. kemudian langsung saja klik verifikasi.
3. kita akan milih cara yang paling mudah, yaitu dengan meminta kode keamanan yang yang nantinya akan dikirimkan ke no hp kita.
4.masukkan no hp, lanjutkan dengan klik submit.
5. tunggu beberapa saat, maka pihak alertpay akan mengirim kode kemanan lewat sms ke no hp tadi.
6. nah yang terakhir, salin kode keamanan tersebut dan masukkan ke dalam form yang ada.
selesai sudah, akun alertpay kita sudah terverifikasi.
demikian cara paling mudah memverifikasi akun alertpay,...
semoga bermanfaat ...

Download script gratis

Download Script bisnis Gratis

Buat temen-temen yang mau coba instalasi script bisnis, saya punya beberapa script bisnis yang siap untuk diupload di penyedia jasa Hostingan. Memang tidak banyak sih, tapi gak ada salahnya kalau di coba. Daripada keluar duit banyak, tapi belum tentu menghasilkan uang. Mending yang gratisan dulu aja.
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verifikasi paypal gratis

VERIFIKASI PAYPAL TANPA MODAL

Buat temen – temen yang punya akun di paypal namun belum terverifikasi, sekarang gak perlu cemas lagi. Ada kabar baik buat para member paypal. Beberapa hari yang lalu saya menerima email yang berisi cara memverifikasi paypal tanpa menggunakan kartu kredit. Jadi singkat ceritanya dari pihak paypal sekarang udah percaya banget ni ama member dari Indonesia…
Langsung aja, berikut cara verifikasi paypal dengan mudah alias tanpa keluar duit sepersenpun :

1. Masuk ke alamatnya paypal. Trus log in masukkan user id dan password.

2. Trus langsung aja klik tulisan Get verified.

3. Setelah itu akan keluar pilihan, hubungkan lewat akun bank atau lewat kartu kredit.

4. Karena gak punya kartu kredit, ya pilih aja yang lewat akun bank.

5. Setelah itu isi form yang ada seperti nama lengkap kemudian nama bank, dan nomor rekening bank. Ingat jangan sampai keliru.

6. Kalo udah isi semua form dan udah dipastikan kebenarannya, langkah selanjutnya klik submit.

7. Selanjutnya dalam waktu 1 – 3 hari dari pihak paypal akan mengirimkan dana ke rekening sebanyak dua kali. Besarnya antara Rp. 1 sampai dengan Rp. 100.

8. Setelah 1- 3 hari buka saldo rekening bank, dan liat nominal besarnya dana yang dikirimkan. Ingat baik-baik kalo perlu dicatat aja.

9. Langkah terakhir masuk kembali ke akun paypal, setelah login langsung aja klik get verified. Akan tampil form pengisian dana yang kita terima. Masukkan nominal dana yang kita liat di saldo rekening tadi.

10. Nah selesai deh. Klik akkun saya, dan liat tulisan Unverified telah berganti menjadi Verified.

Demikianlah cara verifikasi paypal tanpa menggunakan kartu kredit.
Semoga ada manfaatnya…..

About Ebook

ABOUT EBOOK

An e-book (short for electronic book,or EBook), also known as a digital book, is an e-text that forms the digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book, sometimes restricted with a digital rights management system. An E-book, as defined by the Oxford Dictionary of English, is "an electronic version of a printed book which can be read on a personal computer or hand-held device designed specifically for this purpose".[1] E-books are usually read on dedicated hardware devices known as e-Readers or e-book devices. Personal computers and some cell phones can also be used to read e-books.
Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects.

Numerous e-book formats emerged and proliferated, some supported by major software companies such as Adobe's PDF format, and others supported by independent and open-source programmers. Multiple readers naturally followed multiple formats, most of them specializing in only one format, and thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independents and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books. E-books continued to gain in their own underground markets. Many e-book publishers began distributing books that were in the public domain. At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books became available over the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public.

As of 2009[update], new marketing models for e-books were being developed and dedicated reading hardware was produced. E-books (as opposed to ebook readers) have yet to achieve global distribution. Only three e-book readers dominate the market, Amazon's Kindle model or Sony's PRS-500 and Bookeen with Cybook Gen3 and Cybook Opus[2]. On January 27th, 2010 Apple, Inc. launched a multi-function device called the iPad[3]and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers that would allow Apple to distribute e-books.[4] However, not all authors have endorsed the concept of electronic publishing. J.K Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has stated that there will be no e-versions of her books.[5][6]

1971: Michael S. Hart launches the Gutenberg Project.
1985-1992 Robert Stein starts Voyager Company Expanded Books and books on CD-ROMs.
1992: Charles Stack's Book Stacks Unlimited begins selling new physical books online.
1993: Zahur Klemath Zapata develops the first[citation needed] software to read digital books. Digital Book v.1 and the first digital book is published On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts (Thomas de Quincey).
1993: Digital Book, Inc. offers the first 50 digital books in Floppy disk with Digital Book Format (DBF).
1993: Hugo Award for Best Novel nominee texts published on CD-ROM by Brad Templeton.
1993: Bibliobytes, a project of free digital books online in Internet.
1994: Online poet Alexis Kirke discusses the need for wireless internet electronic paper readers in his article "The Emuse".
1995: Amazon starts to sell physical books in Internet.
1996: Project Gutenberg reaches 1,000 titles. The target is 1,000,000
1998 Kim Blagg obtained the first ISBN issued to an ebook and began marketing multimedia-enhanced ebooks on CDs through retailers including amazon.com, bn.com and borders.com. Shortly thereafter through her company "Books OnScreen" she introduced the ebooks at the Book Expo America in Chicago, IL to an impressed, but unconvinced bookseller audience.
1998: Launched the first ebook Readers: Rocket ebook and SoftBook.
1998: Cybook / Cybook Gen1 Sold and manufactured at first by Cytale (1998 - 2003) then by Bookeen
1998-1999: Websites selling ebooks in English, like eReader.com and eReads.com.
1999: Baen Books opens up the Baen Free Library.
1999: Webscriptions starts selling unencrypted eBooks.
2000: Stephen King offers his book "Riding the Bullet" in digital file; it can only be read on a computer.
2001: Todoebook.com, the first website selling ebooks in Spanish.
2002: Random House and HarperCollins start to sell digital versions of their titles in English.
2005: Amazon buys Mobipocket.
2005: BookBoon.com is launched, allowing people to download free textbooks and travel guide eBooks
2006: Sony presents the Sony Reader with e-ink.
2006: LibreDigital launched BookBrowse as an online reader for publisher content.
2006: BooksOnBoard, the largest independent ebookstore, opens and sells ebooks and audiobooks in six different formats.
2007: Zahurk Technologies, Corp,launched the first[citation needed] digital book library on Internet 『BibliotecaKlemath.com', 『loslibrosditales.com' and 『digitalbook.us'
2007: Amazon launches Kindle in US.
2007: Bookeen launched Cybook Gen3 in Europe.
2008: Adobe and Sony agreed to share their technologies (Reader and DRM).
2008: Sony sells the Sony Reader PRS-505 in UK and France
2008: BooksOnBoard is first to sell ebooks for iPhones.
2009: Bookeen releases the Cybook Opus in the US and in Europe.
2009: Amazon releases the Kindle 2.
2009: Amazon releases the Kindle DX in the US.
2009: Barnes & Noble releases the Nook in the US.
2009: BookBoon.com achieves over 10 Million downloads in one year - placing the company as the world's largest publisher of free eBooks
2010: Amazon releases the Kindle DX International Edition worldwide.
2010: Bookeen reveals the Cybook Orizon at CES.[7]
2010: TurboSquid Magazine announces first magazine publication using Apple's iTunes LP format.[8]
2010: Apple introduces the iPad and with it the iBook store

bloger

a bloger

A blogger is a person who writes a blog (or weblog). Bloggers are not a homogenous group. They have a variety of personal and professional motivations for blogging and they come from a variety of political, economic and social backgrounds. One way of segmenting bloggers is by their blog type:[1]

Personal: blog about topics of personal interest not associated with work
Professional: blog about industry and profession topics but not in an official capacity for a company
Corporate: blog for a company in an official capacity
Blogging is not a full-time job for most bloggers, nor is it their main source of income.[2] A blogger can also be a doctor, a mechanic, a lawyer or a musician, and thus bloggers typically maintain a variety of professions for which the act of blogging is their communicative outlet with the public.

[edit]
Bloggers and journalism
The relationship between bloggers and journalists is complicated. On one hand, journalists feel intimidated by bloggers’ ability to rapidly cover new material; on the other, journalists are dismissive of bloggers’ lack of code with respect to neutrality and checking of sources.[3] In general only one-third of bloggers think their blog is a form of journalism.[4] Overall the most frequently reported journalistic activities are spending extra time verifying facts, getting permission to post copyrighted material, and including links to original source material that has been cited or in some way used in a post. Whether or not someone engages in these activities may be one way to distinguish between a blogger and a journalist.

Blogging has allowed for people worldwide to communicate very quickly through internet communications. RSS feeds are just an example, where information can be uploaded into a blog, and RSS subscribers be notified that new information from a particular blog has been released. This form of communication allows for news of events to travel dramatically faster than earlier forms of information gathering and releasing. The particular interest in blogging from a journalist point of view might become essential, in order to keep the public informed of information in a timely manner.

Journalist-identified bloggers view their practice as journalism and believe that they should be given journalistic protections under the law. The 2004 Apple v. Does case triggered the debate on who should be considered a journalist on the web. Apple lawyers contended that posting information on the Web should not automatically confer the title of journalist since these folks "are not members of any professional community governed by ethical and professional standards".[5] In the end the courts decided against Apple and ruled that those who post information on a Web site are entitled to the same legal protections the law extends to the mainstream media.

Bloggers generally have a particular premise to their blog. Some may be on an issue such as healthcare, college, MBAs, or many other various topics that people may have expertise in.

amazon

Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMZN) is an American-based multinational electronic commerce company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, it is America's largest online retailer, with nearly three times the Internet sales revenue of the runner up, Staples, Inc., as of January 2010.[3]

Jeff Bezos founded Amazon.com, Inc. in 1994 and launched it online in 1995. It started as an online bookstore, but soon diversified to product lines of VHS, DVD, music CDs and MP3s, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and so on. Amazon has established separate websites in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, and China. It also provides international shipping to certain countries for some of its products.

On January 15, 2009, a survey published by Verdict Research found that Amazon was the UK's favorite music and video retailer, and came third in overall retail rankings
History
Amazon was founded in 1994, spurred by what Bezos called "regret minimization framework," his effort to fend off regret for not staking a claim in the Internet gold rush.[5] While company lore says Bezos wrote the business plan while he and his wife drove from New York to Seattle,[6] that account appears to be apocryphal.[7]

The company began as an online bookstore;[7] while the largest brick-and-mortar bookstores and mail-order catalogs for books might offer 200,000 titles, an online bookstore could offer more. Bezos named the company "Amazon" after the world's largest river. Since 2000, Amazon's logotype is an arrow leading from A to Z, representing customer satisfaction (as it forms a smile); the goal was to have every product in the alphabet.[8]

In 1994, the company incorporated in the state of Washington, beginning service in July 1995, and was reincorporated in 1996 in Delaware. The first book Amazon.com sold was Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.[9] Amazon.com issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, trading under the NASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN, at an IPO price of US$18.00 per share ($1.50 after three stock splits in the late 1990s).

Amazon's initial business plan was unusual: the company did not expect a profit for four to five years; the strategy was effective. Amazon grew steadily in the late 1990s while other Internet companies grew blindingly fast. Amazon's "slow" growth provoked stockholder complaints: that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough. When the dot-com bubble burst, and many e-companies went out of business
Amazon persevered, and finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million, just 1¢ per share, on revenues of more than $1 billion, but the profit was symbolically important.

In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year, recognizing the company's success in popularizing online shopping.

Merchant partnerships
The Web site CDNOW is powered and hosted by Amazon. Until June 30, 2006, typing ToysRUs.com into a browser would similarly bring up Amazon.com's Toys & Games tab; however, this relationship was terminated as the result of a lawsuit.[10] Amazon also used to host and run the website for Borders bookstores, but this ceased in 2008.[11]

Amazon.com powers and operates retail web sites for Target, Sears Canada, Benefit Cosmetics, bebe Stores, Timex Corporation, Marks & Spencer, Mothercare, and Lacoste. For a growing number of enterprise clients, currently including the UK merchants Marks & Spencer, Benefit Cosmetics' UK entity, and Mothercare, Amazon provides a unified multichannel platform where a customer can seamlessly interact with the retail website, standalone in-store terminals, or phone-based customer service agents. Amazon Web Services also powers AOL's Shop@AOL.

network affiliate

In the broadcasting industry (especially in North America), a network affiliate (or affiliated station) is a local broadcaster which carries some or all of the programme line-up of a television or radio network, but is owned by a company other than the owner of the network. This distinguishes such a station from an owned-and-operated station (O&O), which is owned by its parent network.

In the United States, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations limit the number of network-owned stations as a percentage of total market size. As such, networks tend to have O&Os only in the largest media markets (eg. New York City and Los Angeles), and rely on affiliates to carry their programming in other markets. However, even the largest markets may have network affiliates in lieu of O&Os. For instance, Tribune Broadcasting's WPIX serves as the New York City affiliate for the CW Television Network, which does not have an O&O in that market. On the other hand, several other TV stations in the same market — WABC (ABC), WCBS (CBS), WNBC (NBC), WNYW (Fox) and WWOR-TV (MyNetworkTV) — are O&Os.

In Canada, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has significantly more lenient rules regarding media ownership. As such, most television stations, regardless of market size, are now O&Os of their respective networks, with only a few true affiliates remaining. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation originally relied on a large number of privately-owned affiliates to disseminate its radio and television programming. However, since the 1960s, most of the CBC Television affiliates have been replaced by network owned and operated stations or retransmitters. CBC Radio stations are now entirely O&O.

While network-owned stations will normally carry the full programming schedule of the originating network, an affiliate is independently-owned and typically under no obligation to do so. Affiliated stations often buy supplementary programming from another source, such as a syndicator or another television network which does not have coverage in the station's broadcast area, in addition to the programming they carry from their primary network affiliation.
Dual affiliations
In some smaller markets in the United States, a station may even be simultaneously listed as an affiliate of two networks. A station which has a dual affiliation is typically expected to air all or most of both networks' core prime time schedules — although programming from a station's secondary affiliation normally airs outside of its usual network time slot, and some less popular programs may simply be left off a station's schedule. Dual affiliations are most commonly associated with the smaller American television networks, such as MyNetworkTV and The CW, which air fewer hours of prime time programming than the "Big Four" networks and can thus be more easily combined into a single schedule, although historically the "Big Four" have had some dual-affiliate stations in small markets as well.

Further, with the ability of digital television stations to offer a distinct programming stream on a digital subchannel, traditional dual affiliation arrangements in which programming from two networks is combined into a single schedule are becoming more rare.

In Canada, affiliated stations may acquire broadcast rights to programs from a network other than their primary affiliation, but as such an agreement pertains only to a few specific programs, chosen individually, they are not normally considered to be affiliated with the second network.

adsense

AdSense is an ad serving application run by Google Inc. Website owners can enroll in this program to enable text, image, and video advertisements on their websites. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering (also owned by Google).
Google uses its Internet search technology to serve advertisements based on website content, the user's geographical location, and other factors. Those wanting to advertise with Google's targeted advertisement system may enroll through AdWords. AdSense has become a popular method of placing advertising on a website because the advertisements are less intrusive than most banners, and the content of the advertisements is often relevant to the website.

The use of proxy is allowed but if you use a proxy to enter your adsense account your account will be disabled. It has been seen lately that you can use proxies for logins, but sign up must be from a real computer. Proxies like hidemyass, armyproxy, schoolproxy, etc., can be used after signup.

Many websites use AdSense to monetize their content. AdSense has been particularly important for delivering advertising revenue to small websites that do not have the resources for developing advertising sales programs and sales people. To fill a website with advertisements that are relevant to the topics discussed, webmasters implement a brief script on the websites' pages. Websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website.

Some webmasters invest significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income. They do this in three ways:[citation needed]

1.They use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising.
2.They build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements, which pay out the most when they are clicked.
3.They use text content on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like "Click on my AdSense ads" to increase click rates. The phrases accepted are "Sponsored Links" and "Advertisements".
The source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a complex pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid (i.e., a bid not observable by competitors). Additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid.

AdSense for Feeds
In May 2005, Google announced a limited-participation beta version of AdSense for Feeds, a version of AdSense that runs on RSS and Atom feeds that have more than 100 active subscribers. According to the Official Google Blog, "advertisers have their ads placed in the most appropriate feed articles; publishers are paid for their original content; readers see relevant advertising—and in the long run, more quality feeds to choose from."[5]

AdSense for Feeds works by inserting images into a feed. When the image is displayed by a RSS reader or Web browser, Google writes the advertising content into the image that it returns. The advertisement content is chosen based on the content of the feed surrounding the image. When the user clicks the image, he or she is redirected to the advertiser's website in the same way as regular AdSense advertisements.

AdSense for Feeds remained in its beta state until August 15, 2008, when it became available to all AdSense users.

info bussnies

A dot-com company, or simply a dot-com (alternatively rendered dot.com or dot com), is a company that does most of its business on the Internet, usually through a website that uses the popular top-level domain, ".com" (in turn derived from the word "commercial").

While the term can refer to present-day companies, it is also used specifically to refer to companies with this business model that came into being during the late 1990s. Many such startups were formed to take advantage of the surplus of venture capital funding. Many were launched with very thin business plans, sometimes with nothing more than an idea and a catchy name. The stated goal was often to "get big fast", i.e. to capture a majority share of whatever market was being entered. The exit strategy usually included an IPO and a large payoff for the founders. Others were existing companies that re-styled themselves as Internet companies, many of them legally changing their names to incorporate a .com suffix.

With the stock market crash around the year 2000 that ended the dot-com bubble, many failed and failing dot-com companies were referred to punningly as dot-bombs,[1] dot-cons[2] or dot-gones.[3] Many of the surviving firms dropped the .com suffix from their names.[4]

[edit] List of well-known failed dot-coms
List of well-known failed dot-coms
In the late 2000’s (as well as today) many businesses were interested in investing in the Internet to expand their market. The Internet has the ability to reach out to consumers globally as well as providing more convenient shopping to the consumer. If planned and executed correctly, the Internet can greatly improve sales. However, there were many businesses in the early 2000’s that did not plan correctly and that cost them their business.

One of the biggest mistake early dot com businesses made was that they were more interested in attracting visitor to their website but not necessarily winning them over to customers. Early e-commerce thought the most important factor was to have as many visitors as possible gather to their website and this would eventually translate into profit for their business. This wasn’t necessarily the case and businesses failed. Early dot com businesses also failed to take the time to properly research the situation before starting their business. There are many factors that come into play when starting a new business. Research needs to go into the product the business is actually trying to sell. The business also need to research price of their product. They need to be competitive with the cost of their product compared to their competitors. Early businesses failed to research how they promote their product. If they decide to advertise their product only through the cheapest avenues (i.e. banner ads, radio), most likely they will not get the amount of consumers they would if they advertised through more popular means.

There are thousands of failed companies from the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s. Here are a few of the largest and most famous.

Main article: dot.com bubble

internet businies

Dot Com companny

A dot-com company, or simply a dot-com (alternatively rendered dot.com or dot com), is a company that does most of its business on the Internet, usually through a website that uses the popular top-level domain, ".com" (in turn derived from the word "commercial").

While the term can refer to present-day companies, it is also used specifically to refer to companies with this business model that came into being during the late 1990s. Many such startups were formed to take advantage of the surplus of venture capital funding. Many were launched with very thin business plans, sometimes with nothing more than an idea and a catchy name. The stated goal was often to "get big fast", i.e. to capture a majority share of whatever market was being entered. The exit strategy usually included an IPO and a large payoff for the founders. Others were existing companies that re-styled themselves as Internet companies, many of them legally changing their names to incorporate a .com suffix.

With the stock market crash around the year 2000 that ended the dot-com bubble, many failed and failing dot-com companies were referred to punningly as dot-bombs,[1] dot-cons[2] or dot-gones.[3] Many of the surviving firms dropped the .com suffix from their names.[4]

[edit] List of well-known failed dot-coms

In the late 2000’s (as well as today) many businesses were interested in investing in the Internet to expand their market. The Internet has the ability to reach out to consumers globally as well as providing more convenient shopping to the consumer. If planned and executed correctly, the Internet can greatly improve sales. However, there were many businesses in the early 2000’s that did not plan correctly and that cost them their business.

One of the biggest mistake early dot com businesses made was that they were more interested in attracting visitor to their website but not necessarily winning them over to customers. Early e-commerce thought the most important factor was to have as many visitors as possible gather to their website and this would eventually translate into profit for their business. This wasn’t necessarily the case and businesses failed. Early dot com businesses also failed to take the time to properly research the situation before starting their business. There are many factors that come into play when starting a new business. Research needs to go into the product the business is actually trying to sell. The business also need to research price of their product. They need to be competitive with the cost of their product compared to their competitors. Early businesses failed to research how they promote their product. If they decide to advertise their product only through the cheapest avenues (i.e. banner ads, radio), most likely they will not get the amount of consumers they would if they advertised through more popular means.

There are thousands of failed companies from the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s. Here are a few of the largest and most famous.

Main article: dot.com bubble
AmCy.com: American Cybercast was the publisher of pioneering episodic sites TheSpot.com and EON4.com, with backing from Intel and Softbank. The company's collapse is documented in the book "Digital Babylon: How the Geeks, the Suits, and the Ponytails Fought to Bring Hollywood to the Internet."
boo.com
Broadband Sports: A network of sports-content Web sites that raised over $60 million before going bust in February 2001.
Cyberian Outpost: Founded in 1994 and one of the first successful online retailers. Controversial marketing campaigns. Acquired by Fry's Electronics in 2001.
CyberRebate: Promised customers a 100% rebate after purchasing products priced at nearly ten times the retail cost. Went bankrupt in 2002, leaving thousands of customers holding the bag. The bankruptcy was settled in 2005 and customers received about eight cents on the dollar from their original rebates.
DigiScents: Tried to transmit smells over the internet.
E-Loft.com: A paneuropean portal for university students, covering Italy, Germany, UK, Spain and France.
Excite@Home: Excite, a pioneering Internet portal, merged with high-speed Internet service @Home in 1999 to become Excite@Home, promising to be the "AOL of Broadband" and partnering with cable operators to become the largest broadband ISP in the United States. After spending billions on acquisitions and trying unsuccessfully to sell the Excite portal during a sharp downturn in online advertising, the company filed for bankruptcy in September 2001 and shut down operations.
Flooz.com: a service touted as "e-currency" launched at the height of the dot com boom in the late 90s and subsequently folded in 2001 due to lack of consumer acceptance and a basic lack of necessity. Famous for having Whoopi Goldberg as their spokesperson.
Kozmo.com: delivered small goods (like a pint of ice cream) via messenger courier in under an hour to anyone in their service area. They charged normal retail rates and did not charge a delivery fee. They thought they could make up the difference by avoiding the expense of a retail storefront and on volume.
theGlobe.com: Broke the record as the company having the largest percentage change in its stock price on its first day of trading. CEO Stephan Paternot was famously filmed dancing in a Manhattan nightclub wearing plastic pants.[5] Limped along in various forms until an anti-spam lawsuit forced its closure in 2007.[6]
Kibu.com: Online community for teen girls, founded in 1999 and backed, among others, by Jim Clark. Although traffic to its website had begun to materialize, kibu.com abruptly closed its doors 46 days after a launch party in San Francisco, in October 2000. It had not run out of its $22 million in venture capital, but company officials concluded, "Kibu's timing in financial markets could not have been worse."[7]
Pseudo.com: One of the first live streaming video websites. Pseudo produced its own content in a SoHo, NYC studio and streamed up to 7 hours of live programming a day from its website in a format divided into channels by topic.
Yadayada.com: Founded in 1999; Internet browser and portal technologies for the first generation of wireless PalmPilot and Handspring organizers, and Kyocera smartphone devices, competing with OmniSky (also defunct) and AvantGo. The name of the company came from a Hindu phrase (its CEO was Hindu), and not as was widely reported from the similar phrase "Yada yada yada" made famous by a Seinfeld episode (although the similarity certainly helped marketing). The business plan specified 12x as many sales as actually occurred in the first 12 months of operations. The cheap plastic, easily breakable HandSpring devices, sold directly by YadaYada via a reseller agreement, accounted for 96% of support calls vs. the magnesium cased Palm devices, despite the latter's market predominance at the time, and the resulting consumer discontent resulted in many returns and canceled contracts. The company's CEO was also CFO and embarked without oversight on disastrous, expensive marketing campaigns, such as planned Super Bowl ads without basics like a target market. 90%+ of all sales were within the Manhattan area, and the 3GL networks needed to expand the service failed to materialize after the telecom market meltdown in 2000–2001. The most-hyped feature of the service was a public bathroom rank-and-search service, available in Manhattan only, which allowed users to rank bathrooms by several factors such as cleanliness, appointment, etc., and provided directions to such bathrooms based on the user's location. The company laid off practically all workers in 2001, and shutdown formally shortly afterwards. Its CEO was rumored to have fled to Canada to avoid the IRS and lawsuits filed by a few disgruntled employees who were terminated with no severance despite existing written employment contracts. The URL is now in use by another, unrelated company.
Zap.com: an internet media venture founded by Zapata Corporation, a fish protein company intent on monetizing its domain name.
Top 10 dot-com flops CNET.com

Paypal

Paypal

PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. PayPal serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders.

A PayPal account can be funded with an electronic debit from a bank account or by a credit card. The recipient of a PayPal transfer can either request a check from PayPal, establish their own PayPal deposit account or request a transfer to their bank account. PayPal is an example of a payment intermediary service that facilitates worldwide e-commerce.

PayPal performs payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial users, for which it charges a fee. It sometimes also charges a transaction fee for receiving money (a percentage of the amount sent plus an additional fixed amount). The fees charged depend on the currency used, the payment option used, the country of the sender, the country of the recipient, the amount sent and the recipient's account type.[2] In addition, eBay purchases made by credit card through PayPal may incur a "foreign transaction fee" if the seller is located in another country, as credit card issuers are automatically informed of the seller's country of origin.

On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay.[3] Its corporate headquarters are in San Jose, California, United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. The company also has significant operations in Omaha, Nebraska; Scottsdale, Arizona; and Austin, Texas in the U.S., Chennai, Dublin, Berlin and Tel-Aviv. As of July 2007, across Europe, PayPal also operates as a Luxembourg-based bank.

Beginnings
The current incarnation of PayPal is the result of a March 2000 merger between Confinity and X.com.[4] Confinity was founded in December 1998 by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek, and Ken Howery, initially as a Palm Pilot payments and cryptography company.[5] X.com was founded by Elon Musk in March 1999, initially as an Internet financial services company. Both Confinity and X.com launched their websites in late 1999. Both companies were located on University Avenue in Palo Alto. Confinity's website was initially focused on reconciling beamed payments from Palm Pilots[6] with email payments as a feature and X.com's website initially featured financial services with email payments as a feature.

At Confinity, many of the initial recruits were alumni of The Stanford Review, also founded by Peter Thiel, and most early engineers hailed from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, recruited by Max Levchin. On the X.com side, Elon Musk recruited a wide range of technical and business personnel, including many that were critical to the combined company's success, such as Amy Klement, Sal Giambanco, Roelof Botha[7] of Sequoia Capital, Sanjay Bhargava and Jeremy Stoppelman.[8]

To block potentially fraudulent access by automated systems, PayPal used a system (see CAPTCHA) of making the user enter numbers from a blurry picture, which they coined the Gausebeck-Levchin test.[9]

eBay watched the rise in volume of its online payments and realized the fit of an online payment system with online auctions. eBay purchased Billpoint in May 1999, prior to the existence of PayPal. eBay made Billpoint its official payment system, dubbing it "eBay Payments," but cut the functionality of Billpoint by narrowing it to only payments made for eBay auctions. For this reason, PayPal was listed in many more auctions than Billpoint. In February 2000, the PayPal service had an average of approximately 200,000 daily auctions while Billpoint (in beta) had only 4,000 auctions.[10][9][11][12] By April 2000, more than 1,000,000 auctions promoted the PayPal service. [13] PayPal was able to turn the corner and become the first dot-com to IPO after the September 11 attacks.[1

Network solutions

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Internet movie database

Internet Movie Database

The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information related to movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, video games, and most recently, fictional characters featured in visual entertainment media. IMDb launched on October 17, 1990, and in 1998 was acquired by Amazon.com.
The IMDb website consists of one of the largest accumulations of data about films, television programs, direct-to-video products, and video games, reaching back to each medium's respective beginning. In many cases, the information goes beyond simple title and crew credit, but also includes data on uncredited personnel, production and distribution companies, plot summaries, memorable quotes, awards, reviews, box office performance, filming locations, technical specs, promotional content, trivia, and links to official and other websites. Furthermore, the IMDb tracks titles in production, including major announced projects still in development.

The database also houses filmographies for all persons, cast and crew, identified in listed titles. Filmographies include biographical details, awards listings, external links, and information about other professional work not covered by title entries in the database such as theatrical and commercial advertising appearances.

The IMDb also offers ancillary material such as daily movie and TV news, weekly box office reports, TV listings, cinema showtimes, user polls and ratings, and special features about various movie events such as the Academy Awards. The website also has an active message board system. There are message boards for each database entry, found at the bottom of each respective page, as well as general discussion boards on various topics.

All of the basic database information is available without registration and without providing any personal information. However, to submit information, to use the message boards, to search for information about adult movies or to use some other of the site's features requires registration. Some advanced features require verification which can sometimes require some personal financial information such as credit card details. IMDb has 57 million visitors, 17 million of which are registered users, as of October 10, 2007.[citation needed].

[edit] History
[edit] History before website
The IMDb originated from two lists started as independent projects in early 1989 by participants in the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.movies. In each case, a single maintainer recorded items emailed by newsgroup readers, and posted updated versions of his list from time to time. The founding ideas of the database began with a posting titled "Those Eyes", on the subject of actresses with beautiful eyes. Hank Driskill began to collect a list of attractive actresses and what movies they had appeared in, and as the size of the repeated posting grew far beyond a normal newsgroup article, it soon became known simply as "THE LIST". (The first code to manage this list was a Perl program written by Randal L. Schwartz to "invert the list", organizing the list by movies instead of actresses.[2]

The other project, started by Chuck Musciano, was briefly called the "Movie Ratings List" and soon became the "Movie Ratings Report". Musciano simply asked readers to rate movies on a scale of one to ten, and reported on the votes. He soon began posting "ballots" with lists of movies for people to rate, so his list also grew quickly.

In 1990, Col Needham collated the two lists and produced a "Combined LIST & Movie Ratings Report".[3] (His first posting of the database scripts is not available.) Needham soon started a (male) "Actors List", while Dave Knight began a "Directors List", and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST, which would later be renamed as the "Actress List". Both this and the Actors List had been restricted to people who were still alive and working, but retired people began to be added, and Needham also started what was then (but did not remain) a separate "Dead Actors/Actresses List". The goal now was to make the lists as inclusive as the maintainers could manage. In late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series. On October 17, 1990, Needham posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, and the database that would become the IMDb was born. At the time, it was known as the "rec.arts.movies movie database".

[edit] On the web
By 1992, the database had been expanded to include additional categories of filmmakers and other demographic material, as well as trivia, biographies, and plot summaries; the movie ratings had been properly integrated with the list data; and a centralized email interface for querying the database had been created. Later in the year, it moved onto the World Wide Web (a network in its infancy back then) under the name of Cardiff Internet Movie Database. The database resided on the servers of the computer science department of Cardiff University in the UK. Rob Hartill was the original web interface author. In 1994, the email interface was revised to accept the submission of all information, meaning that people no longer had to email the specific list maintainer with their updates. However, the structure remained that information received on a single film was divided among multiple section managers, the sections being defined and determined by categories of film personnel and the individual filmographies contained therein. Its management also continued to be in the hands of a small contingent of underpaid or volunteer "section managers" who were receiving ever-growing quantities of information on films from around the world and across time from contributors of widely varying levels of expertise and informational resources. Despite the annual claims of Needham, in a year-end report newsletter to the Top fifty contributors, that "fewer holes" must now remain for the coming year, the amount of information still missing from the database was vastly underestimated. Over the next few years, the database was run on a network of mirrors across the world with donated bandwidth.

[edit] As an independent company
In 1995, it became obvious to the principal site managers that the project had become too large to maintain merely through donations and in their spare time. The decision was made to become a commercial venture and in 1996, IMDb was incorporated in the United Kingdom, becoming the Internet Movie Database Ltd, with Col Needham the primary owner as well as identified figurehead. The section managers were offered "shares" in the company in exchange for the amount of work-time they put in, and sometimes for monetary donations by them. A couple of these went to work full time for salary, which Needham had already been drawing. General revenue for site operations was generated through advertising, licensing and partnerships.

This state of affairs continued until 1998. The database was growing every day, and it was again reaching a critical point in terms of quantity of data versus number of personnel, and the need for more full-time managers, who would of course want to be paid. Most revenues were being spent on equipment. The system was also suffering noticeable slowdowns both in accessing the site and in having new data posted. Offers were solicited from academic institutions but they were not interested; private enterprises with interests in the entertainment industry were also solicited, and from some of these offers were forthcoming to purchase IMDb. However, the shareholders were unwilling to sell if it could not be guaranteed that the information would be accessible to the internet community for free. None of this activity was made known to the several hundred volunteers who were contributing the vast majority of information now incoming to IMDb.

[edit] As a subsidiary company

History web

History web

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.

The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors include Vannevar Bush's Memex, IBM's Generalized Markup Language, and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.

The concept of a home-based global information system goes at least as far back as "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946 short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," were in every home. Although the computer system in the story is centralized, the story captures some of the feeling of the ubiquitous information explosion driven by the Web.

1980–1991: Development of the World Wide Web

In 1980, the Englishman Tim Berners-Lee, an independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page.

In 1984 Berners-Lee returned to CERN, and considered its problems of information presentation: physicists from around the world needed to share data, and with no common machines and no common presentation software. He wrote a proposal in March 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links", but it generated little interest. His boss, Mike Sendall, encouraged Berners-Lee to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation. He considered several names, including Information Mesh, The Information Mine (turned down as it abbreviates to TIM, the WWW's creator's name) or Mine of Information (turned down because it abbreviates to MOI which is "Me" in French), but settled on World Wide Web[1].


Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Abramatic and Tim Berners-Lee at the 10th anniversary of the WWW Consortium.He found an enthusiastic collaborator in Robert Cailliau, who rewrote the proposal (published on November 12, 1990) and sought resources within CERN. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched their ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate their vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet

By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore created a simple text browser that could run on almost any computer. To encourage use within CERN, they put the CERN telephone directory on the web — previously users had had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers.

Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to display SLAC’s catalog of online documents; this was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America[2].

On August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.
The WorldWideWeb (WWW) project aims to allow all links to be made to any information anywhere. [...] The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share data, news, and documentation. We are very interested in spreading the web to other areas, and having gateway servers for other data. Collaborators welcome!" —from Tim Berners-Lee's first message

An early CERN-related contribution to the Web was the parody band Les Horribles Cernettes, whose promotional image is believed to be among the Web's first five pictures[3].